Tuesday, November 27, 2012

Introduction

My name is Trevor Medley. I'm a Senior and studying Exercise Science at the University of Idaho. After graduation, I hope to use the knowledge I've gained throughout college to find a career where I can work hands-on. The last thing I want is to have a 9:00 to 5:00 job sitting behind a desk all day every day. I grew up in a small town about two and a half hours south of Moscow - Riggins, Idaho. I've always enjoyed the small town atmosphere and Moscow has that small town feel. I am a very independent and competitive person. I like being outdoors and doing anything active.

The reason I chose to enroll in Introduction to Sociology is because I wanted to broaden my knowledge about more subjects outside of my major and a friend recommended this course. I'm also interested in learning why and how people rationalize the decisions they make from day-to-day. The two topics I've chose for my blog are Risky Shift from Chapter 6 and Teacher Expectancy Effect from Chapter 14. For an emerging issue in society today, I've chosen to look at the changes happening in our country in the past 3-5 years and what it might look like in the future. I hope you enjoy visiting my blog and find some useful and interesting information.
 
I think this image is a great reflection of how studying Sociology gives us a greater understanding of the world as a whole.

Risky Shift



Here is an example of
people taking part in
Risky Shift activities.

The first topic I chose to research is Risky Shift, which is mentioned briefly in Chapter 6 of Sociology: The Essentials by Margaret Andersen and Howard Taylor. I chose this topic because it is easily relates to daily choices we make in real life. The general idea behind this phenomenon is the fact that we are more likely to participate in more risky activities when we are with a group of people rather than by ourselves. We get the idea that there is less responsibility and blame when there are others who will also take the fall. We also get the sense of deindividuation, that we have somehow merged with a group. A few examples of risky shift include streaking, under-age drinking, and vandalizing. This is true not only in our personal lives, but it also affects political decisions, investment choices, and business practices.

There were two discussion posts that described groupthink and risky shift well - Kimberly Swanson and Adam Harker. Their posts were insightful and also provided some good examples and how the two are related. In Kimberly's post she described a risky behavior as drinking from a water source such as a creek or stream while on a hike with a group of people. An individual may be more likely to drink from a creek or stream without knowing if it is safe if the whole group is doing it. Adam does a great job of explaining how risky shift and groupthink are related. He states, "These two relate because with groupthink as a reality, there will occur times where consensus is perceived to have been reached in regards to a risky decision and individuals will experience deindividuation and feel less responsible for risky behavior."


Scholarly Articles:

"Self-Image, perception of peers' risk acceptance and risky shift"

The following link will take you to an article that discusses risky shift in the realm of self-image. Go to the link and then click PDF Full Text option in the left hand margin to view the entire article.

http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=128&sid=831074cc-b934-4354-9a87-184cf0c971c4%40sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=12030825


"Group risk-taking and group polarization"

The following link will take you to an article that talks about group risk-taking. The articles covers some background materials, individual decision making, group decision making, group polarization, and more. Go to the link below and then click PDF Full Text in the left hard margin to view the entire article.

http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=128&sid=831074cc-b934-4354-9a87-184cf0c971c4%40sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=12043626


Internet Sites to Checkout:

The following link will take you to a website put together by Mike Clayton, the author of Risk Happens. He discusses groupthink, abilene, and risky shift. He has some very interesting insights to the topic of risky shift, like the "First Speaker Effect".

http://mikeclayton.wordpress.com/2010/08/19/groupthink-abilene-and-risky-shift/

The following link takes you to theriskyshift.com, a website that reflects and discusses recent political issues. There are news articles, essays, columns, and theories for you to read. Lots of interesting information!

http://theriskyshift.com/


Video:

This video gives some great examples of situations where we might participate in risky shift activities. The speaker, Travis White, stresses the importance of communication skills to help us avoid the shift towards risky decisions.




Recent News Involving Risky Shift Activity:

The following link will take you to a recent news article involving President Obama's decision to back gay marriage just prior to the 2012 Presidential Election.

http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2018176984_gaymarriage10.html?syndication=rss

Teacher Expectancy Effect

This image shows an Elementary School Teacher working with her students in a group learning setting.

Teacher expectancy effect is a very interesting topic of discussion. The basis behind this theory is that a teacher's expectations can have an impact on how well the student does. I chose this topic because it got me thinking about how much a teacher really could affect the success of students. How often are we effected by other's expectations throughout our lives without even realizing it?

Another blog I found by Chestnut ESL also talks about Teacher Expectancy Effect. They discuss the study that was conducted by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson, the first people who realized and studied the effects of poeple's expectations. Robert and Lenore published the results of their study and called it Pygmalion Effect. The Pygmalion Effect is a more general explanation on how expectations of others can change the performance of an individual. The Pygmalion Effect asserts that “one’s expectations about a person can eventually lead that person to behave and achieve in ways that confirm those expectations" (Chestnut ESL Blog). To read more about their study, visit the blog at http://eslchestnut.com/2011/10/29/the-pygmalion-effect-the-effects-of-teachers-expectations/.


Scholarly Articles:

"The Longitudinal Relations of Teacher Expectations to Achievement in the Early School Years"

The following link will take you to an article on the US National Library of Medicine website. As the title expains, the authors of this article look at the relationship between teacher expectations of students during their early schooling.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860190/


"Teacher Suspiciousness of Experimenter's Intent and the Mediation of Teach Expectancy Effects"

The following link will take you to an article that cover some more about Teacher Expectancy Effect and how the same phenomenon is also apparent when it comes to supervisor-employee relationships. Go to the link and then click PDF Full Text in the left margin to view to entire article.

http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=5b2de649-b497-4025-9ad5-bb1bdbd62cae%40sessionmgr113&vid=5&hid=128&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=7300069


Internet Sites:

The following link will take you to the website of education.com where they talk about the effects of teacher expectancy effect. They describe a few particular behaviors that can be directly correlated to a student's performance in school.

http://www.education.com/reference/article/teachers-expectations-affect-learning/

The following link will take you to a site that contains another blog that discusses teacher expectancy effect. It also gives suggestions on how teachers can change their expectactions.

http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/09/18/161159263/teachers-expectations-can-influence-how-students-perform

 

Video:

The following youtube video shows how one school in Portland, Oregon is improving the achievement of minority and low-income students by focusing on teamwork, individualized instruction and ongoing assessments.




News Article:

Here is a link to a recent news article by Education News that describes how high teacher expectations raise student achievement.

http://www.educationnews.org/k-12-schools/research-high-teacher-expectations-raise-student-achievement/

Is America Turning To Socialism?

In recent years, our ideas of government and the role of government within society seem to be taking a turn, whether it's for the better or worse is up to you to decide. We as Americans have always prided ourselves in the fact that we are a democratic country, that we the people have a say in how our country is ruled.In the early years of our country, our government was present to keep the peace and provide a justice system for those that didn’t follow the laws agreed upon by the people.Most people agreed that a smaller government providing minimal service was the best way to run our country.Now we are on a track where the government is becoming more prominent in our daily lives. Increased government controls and taxes are just a few the repercussions Americans are experiencing in the past few years.

Merriam-Webster dictionary defines democracy as, “a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections” (Merriam-Webster, 2012).It also goes on to define Socialism as, “any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods” (Merriam-Webster, 2012).A nationwide poll completed in July 2012 showed that two of every five Americans believe that our country is progressing into a socialist state (Trumbull, 07/13/2012).

More and more, Americans are becoming dependent on government aid and, furthermore, believe that they are ‘entitled’ to it.A recent poll conducted by CBS News and The New York Times found that 66 percent of Americans think that the wealth of our country should be more evenly distributed. “Or to put it another way, two-thirds of Americans think that rich people have too much money — and that everyone else doesn’t have enough” (Goldberg, 10/28/2011).The same poll also found that two-thirds of Americans support raising taxes on the wealthy. These are just two of the supporting indications that we are moving towards Socialism, where the government controls the supplies, whether it’s money, food, guns, etc., and distributes them to the ones they think need it the most.They are taking the money away from the wealthy in the form of higher taxes and turning around and giving it to everyone who isn’t rich.

We are killing the “American Spirit”.We have been encouraged to work hard, complete our education with a college degree, get a high paying job, move up within your profession, and raise a family.As young kids, people teach us effort and hard work are directly related to outcome and results. The harder you work and the more time and effort you put in, the greater the results will be.Yet, it seems now that working hard and getting ahead are no longer worth it.If I get a higher paying job, I’m just going to get taxed more.Instead, I can be lazy and not work and get money and resources from the government and still be able to survive comfortably.We are punishing success!And, for what, the purpose of fairness?
People come to America because they are able to live their life with less restrictions, run their own business with fewer governmental regulations, and make it their own way – the American Way.Well, as far as I’m concerned, the American Way is no longer.I’m not sure how we could’ve let this happen.Haven’t we learned enough from our neighbors such as Russia and France to name a couple?In France, the richest, wealthiest people of the country are putting their properties up for sale and are leaving the country even before new inheritance and wealth tax laws have gone into effect.

Looking at this situation from a sociological standpoint, the functionalist perspective of sociology believes that government’s role within society is to enforce the norms and regulate conflict, and provide some resources to families such as education, for a cost which they pay for through taxes.There is a continual path here, as the children grow up and receive their education, they get a job, raise their family, and pay taxes.It is an ongoing loop that must adapt as the country goes through recessions and other economic situations.Functionalists also believe that society is held together by social agreement in which members agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole.

With this in mind, it is hard to see where we are headed as a country.According to the polling results during the most recent presidential election, our country is split almost directly down the middle in beliefs and hopes for this country as a whole.How will we continue to find this social consensus when there is such a large number on each side of the fence?How do we decide if the officials we elect into office truly have the people’s best interests in mind or if they have their own agenda to meet?I’m afraid we may never know the answers to these questions.

Things to check out:

Websites:

The People's Cube

http://thepeoplescube.com/


News Articles:

“Fleeing Taxes, France’s Rich Are Putting Their Homes on the Market”

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/greathomesanddestinations/16iht-retax16.html?ref=politicsandgovernment&_r=0

“France’s Nutty Socialism”

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/opinion/frances-nutty-socialism.html?ref=politicsandgovernment


“Socialism vs. Capitalism: Which is the Moral System”

http://ashbrook.org/publications/onprin-v1n3-thompson/


"American Socialization is Economically Impossible"

http://www.theburningplatform.com/?p=36854

Monday, November 26, 2012

References


Risky Shift References

Lamm, H., Trommsdorff, G., & Rost-Schaude, E. (1972). Self-image, perception of peers' risk acceptance and risky shift. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 2(3), 255-272. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=128&sid=831074cc-b934-4354-9a87-184cf0c971c4%40sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=12030825

Fraser, C. (1971). Group risk-taking and group polarization. European Journal Of Social Psychology,1(4), 493-510. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=128&sid=831074cc-b934-4354-9a87-184cf0c971c4%40sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=12043626

Word Press Website. (2010). Groupthink, Abilene, and Risky Shift.Retrieved from http://mikeclayton.wordpress.com/2010/08/19/groupthink-abilene-and-risky-shift/

Risky Shift Website. (n.d.) Overview. Retrieved from http://theriskyshift.com/

Group Behavior. (2011). [Video]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGx2OR4YTK0

Hennessey, K. and Parsons, C. (2012). Obama’s bold, risky shift backing gay marriage. Retrieved from http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2018176984_gaymarriage10.html?syndication=rss



Teach Expectancy Effect References



Chestnut ESL Blog. (29 OCT 2011). The Pygmalion Effect: The “teacher-expectancy effect”. Retrieved from http://eslchestnut.com/2011/10/29/the-pygmalion-effect-the-effects-of-teachers-expectations/


Hinnant, J., O'Brien, M., & Ghazarian, S. R. (2009). The Longitudinal Relations of Teacher Expectations to Achievement in the Early School Years. Journal Of Educational Psychology,101(3), 662-670. doi:10.1037/a0014306. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=6&hid=113&sid=24ab3acb-5789-4779-a605-d393fdd9ec1b%40sessionmgr111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=60658752

Snodgrass, S. E., & Rosenthal, R. (1982). Teacher Suspiciousness of Experimenter's Intent and the Meditation of Teacher Expectancy Effects. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 3(3), 219-230. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=5b2de649-b497-4025-9ad5-bb1bdbd62cae%40sessionmgr113&vid=5&hid=128&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=7300069

High Expectations: Students Learn to Rise to the Occasion. (2009). [Video]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=derUjqnlEzs

Education.com Website. (2012). How Do Teachers’ Expectations Affect Student Learning. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/teachers-expectations-affect-learning/

National Public Radio Website. (2012). Teachers’ Expectations Can Influence How Students Perform. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/09/18/161159263/teachers-expectations-can-influence-how-students-perform

Lawrence, Julia. (2012). Research: High Teacher Expectations Raise Student Achievement. Retrieved from http://www.educationnews.org/k-12-schools/research-high-teacher-expectations-raise-student-achievement/




Is America Turning to Socialism? - References

Merriam-Webster Dictionary.(2012). Definition of Socialism. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/socialism

Merriam-Webster Dictionary.(2012). Definition of Democracy. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy

Goldberg, Bernard. (2011). We’re Approaching the Tipping Point. Retrieved from http://www.bernardgoldberg.com/were-approaching-the-tipping-point/

Trumbull, Mark. (2012). Is America becoming a ‘socialist state’? 40 percent say yes. Retrieved from http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/President/2012/0713/Is-America-becoming-a-socialist-state-40-percent-say-yes

The People’s Cube Website. (2012). Overview. Retrieved from http://thepeoplescube.com/

Rafferty, Jean. (2012). Fleeing Taxes, France’s Rich Are Putting Their Homes on the Market. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/greathomesanddestinations/16iht-retax16.html?ref=politicsandgovernment&_r=0

Zaretsky, Robert. (2012). France’s Nutty Socialism. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/opinion/frances-nutty-socialism.html?ref=politicsandgovernment

Thompson, Bradley. (1993). Socialism vs. Capitalism: Which is the Moral System. Retrieved fromhttp://ashbrook.org/publications/onprin-v1n3-thompson/

Smith, Brandon. (2012). The Socialization of America is Economically Impossibly. Retrieved from http://www.theburningplatform.com/?p=36854